#1
       Average person is between 45 and 75 seconds.
      World Records (as of 9 Sept 2010):

• 11 mins & 35 secs - Stefan Missoud (French) - Static Apnea - June 2009
• 19 mins & 21 secs - Peter Colat (Swiss) - Static Apnea (after breathing pure oxygen) - Feb 2010

#2

Average time is 20 minutes to an hour, depending on species. A resting or sleeping turtle can go up to 7 hours. A frightened or panicked turtle uses oxygen rapidly and may drown in minutes.

#3

Average is about 2 to 3 minutes. But they can hold their breath for up to 15 minutes.

#4

Average for whales is 10 to 30 minutes. The sperm whale can hold its breath up to 2 hours.

#5

We don’t know yet. The dog is not cooperating.

#6
There are approximately 6 different species of Sea Turtles.
There are approximately 33 different species of Dolphins.
There are approximately 400 different species of Sharks.
There are approximately 85 different species of Whales.
There is only 1 species of dog (Canis lupus familiaris), but there are over 800 breeds.

#7

Sea Turtle:  Leatherback – 6 feet & over 2,000 lbs
Dolphin:  Orca - up to 26 feet & over 13,440 lbs
Shark:  Whale Shark – up to 50 feet & over 134,400 lbs
Whale:  Blue Whale – up to 110 feet & 268,800 lbs
Dog:  English Mastiff – up to 8 ft & over 200lbs

#8

702 feet (214 meters) made in No Limits (free diving) competition by Herbert Nitsch (Austrian) – June 2007

#9

Porpoises are generally smaller have a snub beak, triangular dorsal fin and square teeth, where dolphins have a long beak, curved fin and pointed teeth. Dolphins have a relatively larger brain as well.

#10     (as of Sept 2010, this includes the height of all antennas etc)

1. Burj Khalifa in Dubai, UAE – 2,717 ft 
2. KVLY-TV mast in N.Dakota, USA – 2,063 ft 
3. Guangzhou TV Tower in China – 2,001 ft
4. CN Tower in Toronto, CAN – 1,815 ft 
5. Willis Tower in Chicago, USA – 1,730 ft 

#11

Mariana Trench (Western Pacific Ocean) – 35,789 feet below sea level
    (6.8 miles deep)
Puerto Rico Trench (North of V.I.s) – 28,232 feet below sea level
    (5.3 miles deep)

#12
A knot is a unit of speed equal to 1 nautical mile / hr.

Ship speed used to be measured by throwing a ‘chip log’ overboard and seeing how much line paid out in a 30 second interval. The line attached to the ‘chip log’ had a knot tied every 47 ft 3 in. The number of knots that paid out during 30 seconds was the vessel's speed (in knots).

#13

There is the ‘bell rope’ for certain. Others like the bolt rope, tiller rope and foot rope are still being debated.